#www.pixelbeat.org ­ ¥¬ Português do Brasil Srpski Magyar This is a list of linux commands for common operations. Note items marked with o are valid/safe to paste without modification into a terminal, so you may want to keep a terminal window open while reading this so you can cut & paste. Command Description o apropos word Show commands pertinent to word. See also threadsafe which command Show full path name of command time command See how long a command takes o time cat Start stopwatch. Ctrl-d to stop. See also sw o nice info Run a low priority command (info in this case) o renice 19 -p $$ Make shell (script) low priority. Use for non interactive tasks o look prefix Quickly search (sorted) dictionary o grep --color expr...ion /usr/share/dict/words Highlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary gpg -c file Encrypt file gpg file.gpg Decrypt file o alias hd='od -Ax -tx1z -v' Handy hexdump. (usage e.g.: o hd /proc/self/cmdline | less) o alias realpath='readlink -f' Canonicalize path. (usage e.g.: o realpath ~/../$USER) o set | grep $USER Search current environment o ls /usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS Print in 9 columns to width of terminal touch -c -t 0304050607 file Set file timestamp (YYMMDDhhmm) dir navigation o cd - Go to previous directory o cd Go to home directory (cd dir && command) Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir o pushd . Put current dir on stack so you can popd back to it CDs gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz Save copy of data cdrom mkisofs -V NAME -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz Create cdrom image from contents of dir mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir Mount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only) cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast Clear a CDRW gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom - Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev) cdparanoia -B Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio *.wav Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao) oggenc --tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg' Make ogg file from wav file archives tar c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2 Make archive of dir/ bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar x Extract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files) tar c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg' Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine find dir/ -name '*.txt' | tar c --files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2 Make archive of subset of dir/ and below find dir/ -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -a --target-directory=dir_txt/ --parents Make copy of subset of dir/ and below ( tar c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar x -p ) Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir ( cd /dir/to/copy && tar c . ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar x -p ) Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/ ( tar c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar x -p' Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@remote 'dd of=hda.gz' Backup harddisk to remote machine rsync (Use the --dry-run option for testing) rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile Locally copy with rate limit. It's like nice for I/O rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:'~/public_html' Mirror web site (using compression and encryption) rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh . remote:/dir/ Synchronize current directory with remote one file searching o alias l='ls -l --color=auto' quick dir listing o ls -lrt List files by date. See also newest find -name '*.[ch]' | xargs grep -E 'expr' Search 'expr' in this dir and below. See also findrepo find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'string' Search all regular files for 'string' in this dir and below find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F 'string' Search all regular files for 'string' in this dir find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done Process each item with multiple commands (in while loop) o find -type f ! -perm -444 Find files not readable by all (useful for web site) o find -type d ! -perm -111 Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site) o locate -r 'file[^/]*\.txt' Search cached index for names. This re is like glob *file*.txt networking (Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete) o ip link show List interfaces ethtool interface List interface status ip link set dev eth0 name wan Rename eth0 to wan ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0 Add ip and mask(255.255.255.0) ip link set dev interface up Bring interface up (or down) ip route add default via 1.2.3.254 Set default gateway to 1.2.3.254 o tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1:0 netem delay 20msec Add 20ms latency to loopback device (for testing) o tc qdisc del dev lo root Remove latency added above o host pixelbeat.org Lookup ip address for name or vice versa o hostname -i Lookup local ip address (equivalent to host `hostname`) o netstat -tupl List internet services on a system o netstat -tup List active connections to/from system wget (multi purpose download tool) o (cd cmdline && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html) Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file Continue downloading a partially downloaded file wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/ Download a set of files to the current directory wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/ FTP supports globbing directly o wget -q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep 'a href' | head Process output directly echo 'wget url' | at 01:00 Download url at 1AM to current dir wget --limit-rate=20k url Do a low priority download (limit to 20KB/s in this case) wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html Check links in a file wget --mirror http://www.example.com/ Efficiently update a local copy of a site (handy from cron) windows (note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support) o smbtree Find windows machines. See also findsmb nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4 Find the windows (netbios) name associated with ip address smbclient -L windows_box List shares on windows machine or samba server mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/share Mount a windows share echo 'message' | smbclient -M windows_box Send popup to windows machine (off by default in XP sp2) math o echo '(1 + sqrt(5))/2' | bc -l Quick math (Calculate f). See also bc o echo 'obase=16; ibase=10; 123' | bc Base conversion (decimal to hexadecimal) o echo $((0x2dec)) Base conversion (hex to dec) ((shell arithmetic expansion)) o echo 'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8)' | bc More complex (int) e.g. This shows max FastE packet rate o echo 'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8)' | python Python handles scientific notation o echo 'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*8)' | gnuplot -persist Plot FastE packet rate vs packet size o seq 100 | (tr '\n' +; echo 0) | bc Add a column of numbers. See also add and funcpy text manipulation (note sed uses stdin and stdout, so if you want to edit files, append newfile) sed 's/string1/string2/g' Replace string1 with string2 sed 's/\(.*\)1/\12/g' Modify anystring1 to anystring2 sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' Remove comments and blank lines sed ':a; /\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta' Concatenate lines with trailing \ sed 's/[ \t]*$//' Remove trailing spaces from lines sed 's/\([\\`\\"$\\\\]\)/\\\1/g' Escape shell metacharacters active within double quotes sed -n '1000p;1000q' Print 1000th line sed -n '10,20p;20q' Print lines 10 to 20 sed -n 's/.*<[tT][iI][tT][lL][eE]>\(.*\)<\/[tT][iI][tT][lL][eE]>.*/\1/p;T;q' Extract title from HTML web page. sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n Sort IPV4 ip addresses o echo 'Test' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' Case conversion o tr -dc '[:print:]' < /dev/urandom Filter non printable characters o grep 'processor' /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l Count lines set operations (Note LANG=C is for speed) (Note also these assume no duplicate lines within a file) LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq Union of unsorted files LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq -d Intersection of unsorted files LANG=C sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u Difference of unsorted files LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq -u Symmetric Difference of unsorted files LANG=C comm file1 file2 | sed 's/^\t*//' Union of sorted files LANG=C comm -12 file1 file2 Intersection of sorted files LANG=C comm -13 file1 file2 Difference of sorted files LANG=C comm -3 file1 file2 | sed 's/^\t*//' Symmetric Difference of sorted files calendar o cal -3 Display a calendar o cal 9 1752 Display a calendar for a particular month year o date -d fri What date is it this friday. See also day o date --date='25 Dec' +%A What day does xmas fall on, this year o date --date '1970-01-01 UTC 1234567890 seconds' Convert number of seconds since the epoch to a date o TZ=':America/Los_Angeles' date What time is it on West coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ) echo "mail -s 'get the train' P@draigBrady.com < /dev/null" | at 17:45 Email reminder o echo "DISPLAY=$DISPLAY xmessage cooker" | at "NOW + 30 minutes" Popup reminder locales o printf "%'d\n" 1234 Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale o BLOCK_SIZE=\'1 ls -l get ls to do thousands grouping appropriate to locale o echo "I live in `locale territory`" Extract info from locale database o locale | cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | less List fields in locale database o LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefix Lookup locale info for specific country. See also ccodes disk space (See also FSlint) o ls -lSr Show files, biggest last o du -s * | sort -k1,1rn | head Show top disk users in current dir. See also dutop o df -h Show free disk space o df -i Show free inodes o fdisk -l Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root) o rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1n List all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros o dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n List all packages by installed size (KBytes) on deb distros o dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test Create a large test file (taking no space). See also truncate monitoring/debugging o strace -c ls >/dev/null Summarise/profile system calls made by command o strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null List system calls made by command o ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null List library calls made by command o lsof -p $$ List paths that process id has open o lsof ~ List processes that have specified path open o tcpdump not port 22 Show network traffic except ssh. See also tcpdump_not_me o ps -e -o pid,args --forest List processes in a hierarchy o ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu | sed '/^ 0.0 /d' List processes by % cpu usage o ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS List processes by mem usage. See also ps_mem.py o ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state List all threads for a particular process o ps -p 1,2 List info for particular process IDs o last reboot Show system reboot history. o free -m Show amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB) o watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts' Watch changeable data continuously System information (see also sysinfo) hdparm -i /dev/hda Show info about disk hda hdparm -tT /dev/hda Do a read speed test on disk hda badblocks -s /dev/hda Test for unreadable blocks on disk hda o mount | column -t Show mounted filesystems on the system (and align output) o cat /proc/partitions Show all partitions registered on the system o grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo Show RAM total seen by the system o grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo Show CPU(s) info o lspci -tv Show PCI info o lsusb -tv Show USB info recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos) o recode -l | less Show available conversions (aliases on each line) recode windows-1252.. file_to_change.txt Windows "ansi" to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion) recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt Windows utf8 to local charset recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt Latin9 (western europe) to utf8 recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64 Base64 encode recode /qp.. < file.txt > file.qp Quoted printable decode recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.html Text to HTML o recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro Lookup table of characters o echo -n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dump Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap o echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x Show latin-9 encoding o echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x Show utf-8 encoding interactive o mc Powerful filemanager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ... o screen Virtual terminals with detach capability, ... o links Web browser o gnuplot Interactive/scriptable graphing o octave Matlab like environment This document was last modified on Jul 20 2006 Home RSS 2.0 feed | Timemap | Email |